We had hired a guide to give us a two-hour tour of the historical part of Vienna, on Friday afternoon, so we had a quick lunch before meeting up with her.
Our first stop was this plaza with a wall in
the fore ground and background. The wall was built during
the 13th century to protect the city. When the wall was built, the two walls in the picture were actually joined together, making the wall over 100 feet wide. The wall was almost 4 miles in length. The
picture below shows the circular area where the wall was built. It is called Ringstrasse
(the Ring Road) and it surrounds the old city of Vienna.
In 1857, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (more
on him later) ordered the demolition of the city wall. The Ringstrasse
and the planned buildings were intended to be a showcase for the grandeur and
glory of the Habsburg Empire.
St. Stephen's Cathedral
It is said to be one of the
greatest Gothic churches in Europe.
It is located in the center of the city. St. Stephen's is the most
important religious building in Vienna.
It is the mother church of the Archdiocese of Vienna and the seat of the
Archbishop of Vienna.
Construction was started in
1359, but in 1511 construction in the Gothic style ceased and all additional
construction was in the Renaissance style.
During the 18th century, the
cathedral was decorated with Baroque altarpieces - the panel of the main altar
shows the stoning of its namesake St. Stephen, the first martyr of Christendom.
During WWII the cathedral
sustained heavy damage due to Allied bombings. According to Martha, after the war, every major city
provided the materials to repair the cathedral, so all Austrians feel like they are part of
the cathedral.
The cathedral is built of limestone, it is 350 ft long, 131 ft
wide, and 445 ft tall at its highest point. Over the centuries, soot and other
forms of air pollution accumulating on the church have given it a black color,
but it is currently undergoing a restoration project to returned it to its
original white color.
The Pestsaule (German for plague column).
It is one of the most well-known
and prominent pieces of sculpture in the city.
The Great Plague of Vienna brought
the imperial city to its knees. Death toll estimates ranged from 12,000 to
75,0000 people. The killer is thought to be the same Bubonic Plague that raged
first in the 14th century, and came back again, in the 17th. All
across Europe, outbreaks of disease crippled towns, but Vienna, as a trade
cross-road was perfectly placed for a true epidemic.
The Viennese Plague is notable for
some of the first modern approaches to controlling the outbreak. While still
wildly feared and treated largely with a mixture of religious speculation and
leeches, city doctor Paul de Sorbait made the first inroads on sanitation
measures to control the spread of disease. The Brotherhood of the Holy
Trinity created special plague hospitals to care for the infected, and deal
with the bodies of the dead - most of which were burned outside of city limits
in giant plague pits. Not great, but an improvement on the "just leave
them there and don't touch them" approach.
The 69 foot tall tower was erected in
1693 in the place of a simpler column, that was erected during the plague, by the
Brotherhood. The figures at the base represent the triumph of faith over
disease, while the mid-portion of the sculpture is dedicated to coats of arms
and a praying figure of Emperor Leopold I - who, it should be noted, must have
been doing that praying from a distance, as he fled the city during the
outbreak.
It is topped by golden cherubs and other religious figures.
The Vergilius Chapel.
In
1973, during excavation works for the U-Bahn station (Vienna’s subway system) a
medieval chapel was discovered 40 feet under current ground level next to St.
Stephen's Cathedral.
In
the early 13th century, a small church dedicated to St Mary
Magdalene was built above ground. Historians are not sure
when the underground chapel was built, but it lay directly under the church and
a vertical shaft connected the two buildings.
The Magdalene Chapel was destroyed by fire in
1781 and was not rebuilt. The Virgilius Chapel survived with hardly any damage
and provides an excellent glance into the world of the Middle Ages.
Today there is a white mosaic (see next picture), near St.
Stephen's Cathedral,
showing the outlines of the Virgilius Chapel.
Outline of the church that was below ground.
Hofburg Palace
It is located near Vienna’s city center. It has housed some of the most powerful
people in European and Austrian history, including the Habsburg dynasty, rulers
of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1526 to 1918. It currently serves as the
official residence of the President of Austria. It was the Habsburgs' principal
winter residence.
The
palace complex is quite large, boasting some 2,600 rooms; it has been modified
and added onto consistently after the first building went up in 1279. The
palace faces the Heldenplatz, which is one of Vienna's most historical squares.
It was here, for example, where Adolf Hitler announced the annexation of
Austria to Germany, which occurred in 1938.
Other
important rooms include the Treasury which contains some of the most impressive
jewels anywhere in Europe. Among the sparkling exhibits is a priceless imperial
crown, dating back to 962, that is encrusted with diamonds, rubies, sapphires,
and emeralds. Hitler stole it in 1938, but the American Army eventually
returned the crown to Vienna.
Next to the Treasury is the Imperial Chapel, and it is here where the
famous Vienna Boys' Choir performs. They sing at Sunday Mass between the months
of September and March.
Also housed in the palace is the Spanische Reitschule, or Spanish Riding
School. This is where the Lipizzaner stallions, for the last four centuries,
are trained and hold performances.
Emperor Franz Joseph at Age 23.
One of the most famous Habsburg’s to reside in the palace was Franz
Joseph I who ruled the Habsburg dynasty from 1848 to 1916. He reigned longer than any of the other
Habsburgs.
In 1853, Princess Sophie of Bavaria, the
domineering mother of 23-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph, preferring to
have a niece as a daughter-in-law rather than a stranger, arranged a marriage
between her son and her sister Ludovika's eldest daughter, Helene. Although the couple had never met,
Franz Joseph's obedience was taken for granted by the archduchess.
When he met Helene, they did not make a
connection, however, he was instantly infatuated with her sister Elisabeth,
known as Sisi, who was only 15 years old.
He did not propose to Helene, but defied his mother and informed her
that if he could not have Elisabeth, he would not marry at all. Five days later
their betrothal was officially announced. The couple was married eight months
later in Vienna on 24 April 1854.
Franz Joseph was troubled by nationalism
(the desire for political independence) during his entire reign. He concluded
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (lasting from 1867 to 1918),
which granted greater autonomy to Hungary, hence transforming the Austrian
Empire into the Austro-Hungarian Empire under his Dual Monarchy. (A
Dual monarchy occurs when two separate kingdoms are ruled by
the same monarch, follow the same foreign policy, exist in a customs union with each other and have
a combined military but are otherwise self-governing).
On June 28, 1914, the assassination of the
heir-presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(the youngest brother of Franz Joseph) at the hands of Gavrilo Princip, a
Serbian nationalist, resulted in Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against
the Kingdom of Serbia, which was Russia's ally. This activated a system of
alliances which resulted in World War I.
Franz Joseph suffered three major tragedies in
his life; In 1867 his brother, Maximilian I, the monarch of the Second
Mexican Empire, was executed by Benito Juarez, who sought to restore Mexico as
a republic, In 1889 the suicide of his son, Crown Prince Rudolf and in 1898 the
assassination of his wife, the Empress Elisabeth
Franz Joseph died on November 21, 1916, after
ruling his domains for almost 68 years. He was succeeded by his grand-nephew Karl,
but
two years later, after defeat in World War I; the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was
dissolved, thus ending the long reign of the Habsburg’s.
Elisabeth of Austria - Age 20
At 5 feet 8 inches, Elisabeth was
unusually tall (she was taller than her husband); even after four pregnancies
she maintained her weight at approximately 110 pounds for the rest of her life.
She achieved this through fasting and rigorous exercise.
She also practiced what could be called a true
beauty cult, but one that was solitary and prone to bizarre, eccentric, and
almost mystic routines. Daily care of her abundant and extremely long hair,
which in the time turned from the dark blonde of her youth, to chestnut brown,
took at least three hours. Her hair was so long and heavy that she often
complained that the weight of the elaborate double braids and pins gave her
headaches.
After the death of her only son in 1889, she
never recovered from the tragedy; she sank ever deeper into melancholy. Within
one year, she had lost her mother, her father, her sister, and now her son.
After Rudolf's death she dressed only in black for the rest of her life.
In 1898, despite warnings of possible
assassination attempts, the sixty-year-old Elisabeth traveled incognito to
Geneva, Switzerland. She stayed at the Hotel Beau-Rivage, where she had been a
guest the year before.
At 1:35 p.m. on Saturday, 10 September 1898,
Elisabeth and Sztaray, her lady in waiting, left the hotel on the shore of Lake
Geneva on foot to catch the steamship Geneve bound for Montreux. Since the
empress did "not like processions," her servants had already been
ordered to leave by train for neighboring Territet, a city just south of
Montreux.
They were walking along the promenade when the
25-year-old Italian anarchist Luigi Lucheni approached them, attempting to peer
underneath the empress's parasol. According to Sztaray, as the ship's bell
announced the departure, Lucheni seemed to stumble and made a movement with his
hand as if he wanted to maintain his balance. In reality, he had stabbed
Elisabeth with a sharpened needle file that was 4 inches long (used to file the
eyes of industrial needles) that he had inserted into a wooden handle. She was pronounced dead at 2:10pm
An autopsy was performed the next day, they
discovered that the weapon, which had not yet been found, had penetrated 3.33
inches into Elisabeth's thorax, fractured the fourth rib, pierced the lung and
pericardium and penetrated the heart from the top before coming out the base of
the left ventricle. Because of the sharpness and thinness of the file the wound
was very narrow.
The next few pictures were taken at the largest and oldest Christmas Market in Vienna. A Christmas market was held here as early as 1772.
The next three pictures show the Christmas decorations on three of Vienna's major streets.
The weather on Saturday was mostly drizzle, however, it was not as cold as it was on Friday.
Our first stop was the Opera House. We thought we could take a tour of the building, but it was closed.
The High Altar in St. Stephen's Cathedral.
The
High Altar was built over seven years from
1641 to 1647 as part of the first refurbishment of the cathedral in the baroque
style. The altar was built with marble from Poland, Syria and Tyrol.
The High Altar represents the stoning of the church's patron St.
Stephen. It is framed by figures of the patron saints of the surrounding areas,
Saints Leopold, Florian, Sebastian and Rochus, and surmounted with a statue of
St. Mary which draws the beholder's eye to a glimpse of heaven where Christ
waits for Stephen (the first martyr) to ascend from below.
The Wiener Neustadter Altar, located in the left
chapel of St. Stephen's.
The altar was ordered in
1447 by Emperor Frederick III. Frederick ordered it for the Cistercian Viktring
Abbey (near Klagenfurt, about 200 miles SW of Vienna) where it remained until
the abbey was closed in 1786 as part of Emperor Joseph II's anti-clerical
reforms. It was then sent to the Cistercian monastery of St. Bernard of
Clairvaux (founded by Emperor Frederick III) in the city of Wiener Neustadt (located about 40 miles south of Vienna) and finally sold in 1885 to St. Stephen's Cathedral
when the Wiener Neustadt monastery was closed after merging with Heiligenkreuz
Abbey.
The altar is composed of two triptychs (Greek for three-fold), the upper
being four times taller than the lower one. When the lower panels are opened,
the Gothic grate of the former reliquary depot above the altar is revealed. The
panels are opened here and show gilded wooden figures depicting events in the
life of the Virgin Mary.
Its restoration begun on its 100th anniversary, in
1985 and took 20 years, 10 art restorers, 40,000 man-hours, and €1.3 million
(equal to $2.1 million in today’s US dollar) to complete, primarily because its
large surface (1,080 square feet).
Roman Ruins on Michaelerplatz (St. Michael’s Square).
Pictured above are oldest remains, which were uncovered in
the early 1990’s, in front of the Hofburg Palace. It’s the base wall from a 2000 year old Roman house. These
excavations help bring to light how progressive the Romans were when they first
built the city. Not only did they have a heated floor, but the walls of the
house could be heated as well. Located behind a clear piece of protective
plastic (not visible in the above picture), is an example of Roman interior decoration; green vines
painted on the wall, which helped to fill the room with color.
St. Peter's Church
The oldest church building (of which nothing
remains today) dates back to the Early Middle Ages,
and there is speculation that it could be the oldest church in Vienna.
This church was replaced with a Romanesque church by Charlemagne around 800. This church burned down in 1661 and was given only makeshift repairs.
The decision to build a new church was taken up with the arrival of the
Fraternity of the Holy Trinity of which the Emperor Leopold I was a member. He had taken a vow to rebuild this church when Vienna was ravaged
by the plague in 1679-1680.
The construction of the new Baroque church was begun around
1701 and was completed by 1722. The design was inspired by St Peter's Basilica in Rome. The new church was the
first domed structure in Vienna. Due to the confinement of available space, it was built in a very
compact form, with its oval interior housing an astonishing amount of space.
The church will seat 400 people. It is 160 ft long, 66 ft wide and 186 ft tall. The outer height of the dome is 177 ft.
The High Altar in St Peter’s.
The altarpiece portrays the Healing of the Lame by St. Peter and St.
John in Jerusalem.
At
the traditional Vienna Magic of Advent, the Rathausplatz (the square in front of Vienna's City Hall) becomes a shining
fairytale land. The 150 or so sales booths offer Christmas gifts, Christmas
tree decorations, sweets and warming drinks. The trees of the surrounding City
Hall park are festively decorated and radiate in a sea of lights.
We decided that being in Vienna requires us to attend a concert. So, Saturday night we went to this palace to hear The Vienna Residence Orchestra, reported to be one of the best orchestras in Vienna, with famous opera singers and ballet performed in period costumes.
They preformed music mostly from Mozart and Strauss. The concert lasted almost 1 1/2 hours, but they were so good that the time just flew by.
Paula had the traditional Apple Strudel and I, the chocolate lover, had what was called the Imperial Torte.
Legend has it that a kitchen apprentice created
the Imperial Torte in honor of Emperor Franz Joseph I on the occasion of the
Hotel Imperial's opening. Though the recipe is a closely guarded secret, so
much can be revealed: fine milk chocolate first melts on the tongue accented by
the delicate bitterness of almonds, while marzipan and cacao cream complement
perfectly the irresistible creation.
Thus, our short trip to Vienna come to a close.
